According to the Congress of Vienna, it was to have autonomy. In 1809, a short war with Austria started. Facing the Past in Poland | Facing History & Ourselves The treaty was a border adjustment, with Poland and the Soviet Union exchanging 480 square kilometres (190sqmi). After the intervention of King Charles I of Hungary he left Polonia Minor, but on his way back he enforced his supremacy over the Upper Silesian Piasts. This led to the Third Polish Uprising in MayJuly 1921. [68] On June 25, 1919, Supreme Allies Council transferred East Galicia (ZUNR territory) to Poland. In northern Cieszyn Silesia, the railroad junction of Bohumn (German: Oderberg and Czech: Bohumin) served as a crossroads for international transport and communications. Today, these territories are part of Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania. In February 1772, an agreement for the partition of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was signed in Vienna. On the basis of the Treaty of Vilnius, the southern part of Estonia and the northern part of Latvia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and formed into the Ducatus Ultradunensis (Prdaugavas hercogiste). Germany lost 2,049,872 dead and . Territorial changes during the Second Polish Republic and the joint German-Soviet occupation of Poland, starting with the formation of the Republic and ending with the end of the occupation. Territorial changes during the Kingdom of Poland (13851569), starting with the Union of Krewo and ending with the Union of Lublin. Eugeniusz Sajkowski was in his mid-20s when the Soviets invaded Poland on September 17, 1939. The treaty confirmed the border at the line of January 1, 1938, the situation before the Nazi-imposed Munich Agreement transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Poland.[103]. [citation needed], The prewar eastern Polish territories of Kresy, which the Red Army had overrun during the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 (excluding the Biaystok region) were permanently ceded to the USSR by the new Polish communist government, and most of their Polish inhabitants expelled. Poland. 1. In the late 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began to collapse. In practice, it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Poles were not respected. One consequence of German defeat was the expansion of Soviet power and influence in eastern Europe. Loss of healthcare services (hospital properties, infrastructure, buildings) - 55% in relation to the pre-1939 state. Conclusively, the material losses and destruction was valued at 258 billion prewar zlotys, which amount to 50 billion US Dollars (1939 rate). His successors were not able to maintain their holdings outside of Silesia, which were lost to other Piast dukes. Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II [78], Claims over these regions turned violent in 1919 with a brief military conflict, the Seven-day war, between Polish and Czechoslovak units. Nazi Germany possessed overwhelming military superiority over Poland. 1681)", http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060581, "The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 8 June 1815", "The Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919: Part III", Umowa graniczna pomidzy Polsk a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku, "Rocznica dziwnej wojny: 70 lat temu czeskie wojska weszy do Polski", "Treaty No. The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II (1939-1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945. Toggle Kingdom of Poland until 1385 subsection, Toggle PolishLithuanian Commonwealth subsection, Toggle Partitioned Poland 1795 to 1918 subsection, Toggle Second Polish Republic and occupation 1918 to 1945 subsection, Toggle Communist and modern Poland since 1945 subsection, Second Polish Republic and occupation 1918 to 1945, Poland seizes West Ukrainian People's Republic. Szczecin was subdued in a bloody takeover and Western Pomerania up to Rgen, except for the directly incorporated southern part, became Bolesaw's fief,[29] to be ruled locally by Wartislaw I, the first duke of the Griffin dynasty. [59], The Grand Duchy of Posen was a region in the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as "Greater Poland" between the years 18151848. Most notably, the pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". As a result of the Potsdam Agreement to which Poland's government-in-exile was not invited, Poland lost 179,000 square kilometres (69,000 square miles) (45%) of prewar territories in the east, including over 12 million citizens of whom 4.3 million were Polish-speakers. The German population was expelled and these territories were repopulated mainly with Poles from central Poland and those expelled from the eastern regions. The Soviet Role in World War II: Realities and Myths This had far reaching negative consequences for the integrity of the western border, leading to an expansion of Brandenburg possessions into the east of Odra river. [61], In the aftermath of the unsuccessful Cracow Uprising, the Free City of Cracow was annexed by the Austrian Empire. Poland lost over six million citizens in World War II, emerging several years later as the socialist People's Republic of Poland within the Eastern Bloc, under strong Soviet influence. The economic importance of Cieszyn Silesia lay in the rich coal basin around Karvina and in the valuable KoiceBohumn Railway, which linked Bohemia with Slovakia. Territorial changes during the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), starting with the Union of Lublin and ending with the Third Partition of Poland. By Adam Easton BBC News, Warsaw As world leaders head to Warsaw this weekend to mark the 80th anniversary of the start of World War Two, Poland has once again demanded compensation from Germany. Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions: 1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland, regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular, To provide a Polish railway line connecting, From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia in the provinces of, This page was last edited on 30 July 2023, at 12:08. At 11:45a.m. on October 1 the Czech foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted. In 1295, Przemys II of Greater Poland became the first, since Bolesaw II, Piast duke crowned as King of Poland, but he ruled over only a part of the territory of Poland (including from 1294 Gdask Pomerania) and was assassinated soon after his coronation. The Ukrainian Republic claimed sovereignty over Eastern Galicia, including the Carpathians up to the city of Nowy Scz in the west (despite of Polish majority), as well as Volhynia, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina. The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918, with Lviv (Lww) as its capital. [74] Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for eighteen months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area.[75]. The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League of 1684, a coalition of various European powers including the Habsburg Monarchy, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, and the Russia of Peter I Alekseyevich. The Nazis divided them up as follows: During 19431944 ethnic cleansing operations took place in Ukraine (commonly known as the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia) which brought about an estimated 100,000 deaths and an exodus of ethnic Poles from this territory. The former Lwow, Stanislawow and Tarnopol Voivodeships were annexed to the General Government, forming its fifth district, Distrikt Galizien. The Duchy of Prussia, which had its capital in Knigsberg, was established as a fief of the Crown of Poland.[19]. The assessment of relative advantage is not universally agreed. Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939 | Holocaust Encyclopedia Bolesaw had Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanw executed; subsequently Bolesaw was forced to abdicate the Polish throne because of the pressure from the Catholic Church and the pro-imperial faction of the nobility. [13][14] Passportization and residence registration of the population in the newly acquired territories began. 3 [95] The Polish government still did not want to give up Trans-Olza, and on June 16, 1945, Marshall Micha Rola-ymierski issued directive number 00336, which ordered the 1st Armoured Corps of the Polish Army to concentrate in the area of Prudnik, Rybnik and Cieszyn, and to seize Trans-Olza. This became known as the Katyn massacre, in all some 22,000 were executed. The Polish delegation made a counteroffer on October 2. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a vassal state of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726, and incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. War would continue until 1945. . Poland currently has a population of over 38million people,[3] which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world[18] and one of the most populous members of the European Union. Invasion of Poland | Description & Facts | Britannica Many more were sent to concentration camps. This is called the Curzon line. [33] Thereafter, eastern Poland was annexed into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. [60], After the November Uprising, Congress Poland lost its status as a sovereign state in 1831 and the administrative division of Congress Poland was reorganized. As the Treaty stated, the region was to remain separated from Germany and from Poland, but it was not an independent state. [34] His activity in this field was continued by his son and successor Henry II the Pious, until his sudden death in 1241 (Battle of Legnica). [23] On March 5, 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria, the members of the Soviet Politburo (including Stalin) signed an order to execute POWs, labeled "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries", kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus. World War II casualties of Poland - Wikipedia Answer (1 of 8): The initiative was wholly on the Soviet side. [42], As a result of the PolishOttoman War the Polish commonwealth ceded Podolia in the 1672 Treaty of Buczacz. This meant Poland was subject to rule by Russian military decree. In 1939 this had increased to about 11.6 million. [101], In 1951, a small area of land on Usedom Island (Polish: Uznam) was ceded from the German Democratic Republic (Eastern Germany) to Poland. Its capital was Posen (Polish: Pozna). Two decrees by Adolf Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939) provided for the division of the annexed areas of Poland into the following administrative units: These territories had an area of 94,000 square kilometres (36,000sqmi) and a population of 10,000,000 people. This universal question has been especially painful and complex in Poland, a country that suffered an extraordinarily brutal German occupation in World War II, followed by decades of Soviet Communist dominance that lasted until 1989. Germany incorporated Austria and the Czech lands without having to resort to war in 1938 and 1939 . The Curzon Line became its eastern border, resulting in the loss of the Eastern Borderlands to the Soviet Union. Polish historians refer to territories acquired by Silesian dukes in this period as Monarchia Henrykw lskich ("The monarchy of the Silesian Henries"). History of Poland | Britannica In the Treaty of Oliva, the Polish King, John II Casimir, renounced his claims to the Swedish crown, which his father Sigismund III Vasa had lost in 1599. In the first half of the 13th century Silesian duke Henry I the Bearded, reunited much of the divided Kingdom of Poland (Regnum Poloniae). In 1795, Poland's territory was completely partitioned among the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire, and Austria. The Truth About Poland's Role in the Holocaust - The Atlantic The Warsaw Ghetto. In 1329 Wadysaw I the Elbow-high fought with the Teutonic Order. This difference amounts almost to the size of the Czech Republic, although Poland ended up with a much longer coastline on the Baltic Sea compared to its 1939 borders. The date was 10th February, 1940 middle of . [37] However, despite formal papal consent for the coronation, Wadysaw's right to the crown was disputed by successors of Wenceslaus III (a king of both Bohemia and Poland) on the Bohemian throne. The Belastok Voblast was divided into Soviet Brest Voblast, Hrodna Voblast and Polish Biaystok Voivodeship. [7] Under the terms of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, the Soviet Union invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it by the Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. Agreement between the Polish Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the exchange of sectors of their state territories. As a result of the skirmishes between the UIA and Soviet units, the Soviets deported 600,000 people from these territories and in the process 170,000 of the local population were killed in the fighting. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony.[57]. During World War II, the occupied territory was annexed and ceded to the Soviet republic of: Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. [15] Its population was hallmarked by a high level of ethnic and confessional diversity, and the state was noted for having religious tolerance unusual for its age,[16] although the degree of tolerance varied over time.[17]. MY STORY AS REMEMBERED FROM THE DISTANCE OF. From a nucleus between the Oder and Vistula rivers on the North-Central European Plain, Poland has at its largest extent expanded as far as the Baltic, the Dnieper and the Carpathians, while in periods of weakness it has shrunk drastically or even ceased to exist. Deprived of a government, Poland was ravaged by an anti-feudal and pagan rebellion, and in 1039 by the forces of King Bretislav of Bohemia. By the end of the year the Duchy had lost the last vestiges of its formal autonomy, and was downgraded to a Province of the Prussian kingdom.[63]. Only for the United States and the British Commonwealth can official figures showing killed, wounded, prisoners or missing for the armed forces be cited with any degree of assurance. London June 1941 P.9 & 10, Poland's Holocaust, Tadeusz Piotrowski, 1998, Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. They began to write about an alleged three hundred thousand Poles living in the Orawa territory. Cieszyn (German: Teschen) was divided along the Olza river between the two newly created states of Poland and Czechoslovakia. In February 1945, when they were confident of an Allied victory, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Stalin met near Yalta, Crimea, to discuss the reorganization of post-WWII Europe. The country suffered territorial losses, and the functioning of the Gniezno archdiocese was disrupted.[27][28]. Pink areas: Parts of Germany in 1937 borders. [13][14] The two comprising states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, although in reality Poland was a dominant partner in the union. [35], On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Provisional Government of National Unity signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories. The borders of Poland resembled the borders of the German-Russian gains in World War 2, with the exception of the city of Bialystok. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of Nazi Germany. Those who did not receive the citizenship or refused to accept it (claiming that they were Polish citizens or not agreeing to enter Ukrainian or Belarusian nationality) were arrested or deported.[15]. World War II had begun. Each country's leader had his own set of ideas for rebuilding and re-establishing order in the war-torn continent. I R October 27, 2019 Topic: History Region: Russia Blog Brand: The Buzz Tags: Polish Civil War Russian Civil War Russo-Polish War Pilsudski After World War I, Poland Stopped Russia From Taking. During 19391941 1.45 million of the people inhabiting the region were deported by the Soviet regime, of whom 63.1% were Poles, and 7.4% were Jews. The War for Ukraine ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo of January 13, 1667. Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna. World War II: In Depth | Holocaust Encyclopedia [78] The Conference of Ambassadors divided the region just as the Red Army was nearing Warsaw. Material losses endured by Poland under the German occupant can be subdivided into several categories: In 1947, the postwar Bureau of Reparations during the Presidium of the Council of Ministers (Sprawozdanie Biura Odszkodowa Wojennych w przedmiocie strat i szkd wojennych Polski 19391945)[2] assessed loss of life, national capital and culture: The Bureau of Reparations during the Presidium of the Council of Ministers estimated the total cost of material losses amounted after the end of World War II that took place between 1939 and 1945. Early in the morning of August 24, 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the MolotovRibbentrop pact. [29]Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets. Polish material losses during World War II - Wikipedia Why did Germany invade Poland? An alliance of convenience was the result of this situation. Prussia had acquired the City of Danzig in the course of the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Margraviate of Brandenburg invaded Pomerelia in 1308, leading Wadysaw I the Elbow-high to request assistance from the Teutonic Knights, who evicted the Brandenburgers but took the area for themselves, annexed and incorporated it into the Teutonic Order state in 1309 (Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdask) and Treaty of Soldin/Mylibrz). [2][3] Initially annexed by Poland in a series of wars between 1918 and 1921 (primarily the Polish-Soviet War), these territories had mixed urban national populations with Poles and Ukrainians being the most numerous ethnic groups, with significant minorities of Belarusians and Jews. Napoleon's attempts to build and expand his empire kept Europe at war for almost a decade and brought him into conflict with the same European powers that had beleaguered Poland in the last decades of the previous century. These agreements were then confirmed and consolidated at the Potsdam Conference. Due to the World Powers(It was hidden from Poland until the last moment), Poland was forced to hand-over 48% of its territory to the Soviet Union, equating to 178 000km of land. The composition by language group was Ukrainian 37.1%, Polish 36.5%, Belarusian 15.1%, Yiddish 8.3%, Other 3%. From 10031004 Bolesaw intervened militarily in Czech dynastic conflicts. Why Poland Wants Germany to Pay Billions for World War II 09 December 2005. [7] The establishment of a Polish state is often identified with the adoption of Christianity by Mieszko I in 966 CE (see Baptism of Poland), when the state covered territory similar to that of present-day Poland. Soon after the invasion, mobile killing units began the mass murder of Soviet Jews. [41], In the history of Poland and Lithuania, the Deluge refers to a series of wars in the mid-to-late 17th century that left the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in ruins. 4849. [98], The Polish border underwent a minor correction in 1948, when the village of Medyka near Przemyl was transferred to Poland. [88], In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland and partitioned it pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact.[89]. [76] Long negotiations ensued, with the Treaty of Riga being signed in March 1921. The PolishLithuanian War was an armed conflict between Lithuania and the Second Polish Republic, lasting from August 1920 to October 7, 1920, in the aftermath of World War I, not long after both countries had regained their independence. Please realize, that it was easy to see, from the moment Soviet Union entered the Western Alliance, that the eventual win will lead to an awkward situation. Blue line: Curzon Line of 8 December 1919. In the context of the 1018 Kiev expedition, Bolesaw took over the western part of Red Ruthenia. Poland, whose statehood had just been re-established by the Treaty of Versailles following the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, sought to secure territories it had lost at the time of the partitions. [4] The new borders were ratified at the Potsdam Conference of August 1945 exactly as proposed by Stalin who already controlled the whole of East-Central Europe. [58], Congress Poland was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European states reorganized Europe following the Napoleonic wars. m of trees cut down, equating to 400 000. [83] The Germans had a majority, by 228,246 votes. From the defeated German Empire, Poland received the following: On July 17, 1919, a ceasefire was signed in the PolishUkrainian War with the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR). By issuing it, Bolesaw planned to guarantee that his heirs would not fight among themselves, and would preserve the unity of his lands under the House of Piast. Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of sovietization. Casimir was aided by the recent adversaries of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and Kievan Rus, both of whom disliked the chaos in Poland. King Casimir, being deprived of historically and ethnically Polish lands of Silesia and Pomerelia sought a compensation of this loses in the east. Encyclopedia of Szczecin . [2], These decisions were in accordance with the decisions made first by the Allies at the Tehran Conference of 1943 where the Soviet Union demanded the recognition of the line proposed by British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon in 1920.[3]. [2] Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"the areas east of the Narev, Vistula and San Rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Treblinka. As part of the agreement Poland kept ZUNR territory. In the spring of 1848 the new liberal Prussian government allowed some autonomy to the Grand Duchy of Posen in the hope of contributing to the cause of a new Polish homeland. [55] The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from the map. [10] The total area, including the area given to Lithuania, was 201,015 square kilometres (77,612sqmi), with a population of 13.299 million, of which 5.274 million were ethnic Poles and 1.109 million were Jews. Key Facts 1 German policy aimed to destroy the Polish nation and culture and to ruthlessly exploit the labor of Polish peasants and workers. Why Poland Punishes Those Who Accuse It of the Holocaust [83] The question of the Upper Silesia problem was turned over to a council of the League of Nations. It was part of a wider conflict over disputed territorial control of the cities of Vilnius (Polish: Wilno), Suwaki (Lithuanian: Suvalkai) and Augustw (Lithuanian: Augustavas). There were extensive changes to the territorial extent of Poland, following the decision taken at the Tehran Conference of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. [1] The post-World War II territory of Poland was significantly smaller than the pre-1939 land areas, shrinking by some 77,000 square kilometres (30,000sqmi) (roughly equalling that of the territories of Belgium and the Netherlands combined). Poland is a country in Central Europe[1][2] bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. In 1945, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, the OderNeisse line became its western border,[1] resulting in gaining the Recovered Territories from Germany. Poland has been divided many times in history, and once disappeared from the map of Europe. Poland also received the town of Swinemnde (now winoujcie) on the island of Usedom and the city of Stettin (now Szczecin) on the western bank of the Oder river in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Although the Duchy of Warsaw won the Battle of Raszyn, Austrian troops entered Warsaw, but Duchy and French forces then outflanked their enemy and captured Cracow, Lww and much of the areas annexed by Austria in the Partitions of Poland. Mieszko I of Poland was the first historical ruler of the first independent Polish state ever recorded- Duchy of Poland. [33] The Western Allies were unaware of the existence of the secret clause dividing Poland between Hitler and Stalin already in 1939 along the Curzon Line. Another myth is that the Soviet Union's role in the Second World War began on 22 June 1941, when the Wehrmacht attacked the USSR. Why the Invasion of Poland in 1939 Launched World War Ii | Time On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched a surprise attack against the Soviet Union, its ally in the war against Poland. [12] The borders were finalized in the September 28 GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty, most of whose contents were kept secret. The Commonwealth's political system, often called the Noble's Democracy or Golden Freedom, was characterized by the sovereign's power being reduced by laws and the legislature (Sejm), which was controlled by the nobility (szlachta). In the aftermath of World War I, the Polish people rose up in the Greater Poland Uprising on December 27, 1918, in Pozna after a patriotic speech by Ignacy Paderewski, a famous Polish pianist. Deportation of this group of about 7580 thousand people, consisting mainly of Jews (about 84%), finally began on June 29, 1940, and lasted for nearly a month. [21][22], During the reign of Bolesaw the Brave, relations between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire deteriorated, resulting in a series of wars (10021005, 10071013, 10151018). Germany invades Poland - Date & Year - HISTORY Invasion of Poland. 2 The Germans murdered thousands of Polish civilian leaders of all kinds. The smaller western suburbs of Cieszyn were joined to Czechoslovakia as the new town of esk Tn along with the railroad and the Karvina coal basin. [48], The Treaty of Karlowitz, or Treaty of Karlovci, was signed on January 26, 1699, in Sremski Karlovci, a town in modern-day Serbia. 1939 II WORLD WAR GERMANY AND RUSSIA INVADE POLAND. The "need to protect" the Ukrainian and Belarusian majority populations was used as a pretext for Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland (including Western Ukraine and Belarus) carried out in the wake of Poland's dismemberment under the Nazi invasion with Warsaw being besieged and Poland's government being in the process of evacuation. Szczecin: University of Szczecin , 2003, pp. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula) and Crete.[48]. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI 1994, p. 46 & 47, Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia, the Soviet Union invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it, 230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of whom were executed, Stanislav (later known as Ivano-Frankivsk) Oblast, PolishSoviet border agreement of August 1945, Territories of Poland annexed by Nazi Germany, Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (19391946), Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, Wilson Center, Secret Texts of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact, 1939, "The Avalon Project: Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941", The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field, "Russian parliament admits guilt over Polish massacre", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=1146704439, This page was last edited on 26 March 2023, at 13:35. On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, in October 1921 the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland.[83]. Finland: Soviet Annexation Of Karelia Still A Taboo Subject Rudolf ek [in:] J. Bahlacke, D. Gawrecki, R. Kaczmarek (red.) The treaty granted independence to Prussia in recognition of its help against the Swedish forces during the Deluge.[43]. History of Poland (1945-1989) - Wikipedia
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